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Edgar Allan Poe's poem "The Raven" has been frequently referenced and parodied in contemporary culture. Immediately popular after the poem's publication in 1845, it quickly became a cultural phenomenon. Some consider it the best poem ever written.〔Silverman, Kenneth. ''Edgar A. Poe: Mournful and Never-ending Remembrance''. Harper Perennial, 1991. p. 237〕 As such, modern references to the poem continue to appear in popular culture. ==Print== * Writer James Russell Lowell, a contemporary of Poe's, references "The Raven" and its author in his poem, ''A Fable for Critics'': "Here comes Poe with his Raven, like Barnaby Rudge, / Three fifths of him genius, two fifths sheer fudge." This mention alludes to the belief that ''Barnaby Rudge: A Tale of the Riots of 'Eighty'' inspired Poe to write "The Raven".〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://palimpsest.stanford.edu/byform/mailing-lists/exlibris/1999/07/msg00399.html ) 〕 * In Edmund Clerihew Bentley's ''Trent's Own Case'' (1913), Trent, standing at an open French door and reciting the fifth stanza to himself, receives an unexpected reply: :"Deep into that darkness peering, long I stood there wondering, fearing, :Doubting, dreaming dreams no mortals ever dared to dream before; :But the silence was unbroken, and the stillness gave no token, :And the only word there spoken was the whispered word, ..." :"Guv'nor!" * In the magazine ''Mad'' issue 9 (March 1954), "The Raven" is reprinted in full with absurd illustrations by Will Elder. Another parody appeared in a ''Mad'' collection, ''We're Still Using That Greasy MAD Stuff'' (1959). It was titled as "The Spaniel." Rather than "Nevermore," the author was bombarded with famous commercial taglines. A more recent parody in ''Mad'' by Frank Jacobs, titled "The Reagan", appeared in issue 265 (September 1986). Even more recently, the poem was used to parody horror movies, and how successful ones often have sequels made that are of low quality. The recurring line is, "Quoth Wes Craven, let's make more!"〔Original issue unknown, source: "Greasy Mad Stuff"; compilation of various pieces from ''Mad'', published by Signet, 1962. pp 132-133.〕 * In the Donald Duck 10-pager "Raven Mad" by Carl Barks, published in ''Walt Disney's Comics and Stories'' #265 in 1962, Huey, Dewey and Louie play with a raven who can only say "Nevermore." As in the poem, the raven often repeats the word throughout the story. * Sections of "The Raven" are quoted in Hubert Selby Jr's 1964 novel Last Exit to Brooklyn. In the story entitled "The Queen is Dead" the lead character, Georgette, reads the poem aloud to her acquaintances. * "The Raven" has been the subject of constrained writing. Georges Perec's novel ''A Void'' (1969), written entirely without the letter 'E' in French and subsequently translated into English by Gilbert Adair under the same constraint, contains a full-length "translation" of "The Raven" entitled "Black Bird." It is attributed to "Arthur Gordon Pym."〔Perec, Georges. ''A Void''. Translated by Gilbert Adair. London: The Harvill Press, 1995. p.108. ISBN 1-86046-098-4〕 * Mathematician Mike Keith has also referenced the poem in three examples of constrained writing: * *"Near a Raven" is a reworking of Poe's poem in which the length of words correspond to the first 740 digits of pi (1995) * *''Cadaeic Cadenza'', a longer work under the same constraint, begins with the full text of "Near a Raven" (1996) * *"Raven-Two", a poetic anagram of the original (1999) * In Joan Aiken's novel ''Arabel's Raven'' (1972), as well as further books from the Arabel and Mortimer series, a young girl named Arabel has a pet raven named Mortimer who often says the word "Nevermore!" Aiken won an Edgar Award in 1972. * The Calvin & Hobbes collection "The Essential Calvin and Hobbes: A Calvin and Hobbes Treasury" (released September 1988) contains an original illustrated poem, "A Nauseous Nocturne," which is clearly patterned after "The Raven." * In Stephen King's novel ''Insomnia'' (1994), Ralph compares an omen to the raven of the poem. The novel ''Black House'' (2001), written by King and Peter Straub, also features a talking crow reminiscent of the raven in Poe's poem. Part III of the novel is entitled "Night's Plutonian Shore." * In Robin Jarvis's ''Tales from the Wyrd Museum'' trilogy (1995–1998), Woden has two raven servants named Thought and Memory. Memory is known as Quoth throughout the stories, and occasionally says "Nevermore". * Drew Hayes's illustrated poem ''The Crow'', is an adaptation of "The Raven", telling the story of the separation of the main character of the comic book Poison Elves, Lusiphur, and his wife, the sorceress Hyena'. B&W version in ''Mythography'' #1, an anthology book also featuring work from other independent comics creators, Bardic Press, 1996. Color version in ''Poison Elves Color Special'', Sirius Entertainment, December 1998 * "''The Raven''", the fourth story in the anthropomorphic comic book ''Mouse Guard: Legends of the Guard'', volume 1, issue 3 (2010), is an adaptation of Poe's poem with art by Jason Shawn Alexander. * In the seventh book of Lemony Snicket's ''A Series of Unfortunate Events'', ''The Vile Village'' (2001), a tree in the center of the village covered with crows is called the "Nevermore Tree." * Neil Gaiman references "The Raven" in two of his works: * *In the novel ''American Gods'' (2001), the protagonist, Shadow, asks one of Odin's ravens, "Hey, Hugin or Munin, or whoever you are. Say 'Nevermore.'" The raven responds, "Fuck you."〔Gaiman, Neil. ''American Gods''. Headline Review, 2005. p. 173 ISBN 0-7553-2281-9〕 * *The comic book series ''The Sandman'' features a raven named Matthew, who has been transformed into a raven as an alternative to death. At one point in the series, he flaps his wings and screams, "Nevermore!", only to explain that he was "being Peter Lorre in that one Roger Corman movie". * Level Ground Press and artist Bill Fountain published an illustrated re-imagining of "The Raven" in 2005. The book incorporates raven myths and legends from around the world into the visual interpretation of the story. *Holly Black quotes the poem in her 2005 novel ''Valiant : A Modern Tale of Faerie'', alluding to it as the source for the name of the drug called 'Nevermore'. However, this is later contradicted, when one of the characters asserts that the name comes from the limitations of its use: "Never more than once a day, never more than a pinch at a time, and never more than two days in a row." *The fantasy novel ''The Eyre Affair'' by Jasper Fforde features a villainous character named Jack Schitt who is ultimately trapped inside a copy of "The Raven". *The first of the books based on the hit TV series ''Supernatural'' is called ''Nevermore''. Poe is also very important for the rest of the book, as the murders that the main characters, Sam and Dean Winchester are investigating are reenactments of "The Murders in the Rue Morgue", "The Cask of Amontillado" and "The Tell-Tale Heart", respectively, and it all turns out to be part of a ritual to bring Poe back to life. *Terry Pratchett's ''Discworld'' series contains a talking raven named Quoth, whose first injunction to new acquaintances is that he "won't say the N-word." 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「The Raven in popular culture」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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